The aim of this study was to investigate the trend of bias in genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) arising from selective genotyping of the candidate population in an ongoing selection scheme. The bias was calculated as the regression of true breeding values (TBVs) on GEBVs. A simulation study was performed under two scenarios with selection intensities (SI) of 0. 798 and 1. 755 for three traits with heritability (h 2 ) of 0. 1, 0. 25 and 0. 4 in 10 consecutive generations. Regression of TBVs on GEBVs was close to one for the first generation when selective genotyping was random, and it continuously receded from one as selection shifted to choose animals with high EBVs from generations 2 to 10. Biasedness became larger with increased SI and decreased h 2. Further, biasedness increased over the generations but the rate of change in biasedness decreased dramatically after the second generation and became almost steady after generation 4 which may be due to Bulmer effect. The findings showed that scaling down the GEBVs, using a scale parameter, might help removing biasedness in generation 4 onwards.

This paper tries to both criticize the fundamentals of rationalism breeding of Aristotle and give an introduction to the fundamentals of Gnostic breeding theory that can revolutionize education. In today world, in the east and the west the attitudes on the Aristotelian rationalism is globally the basis to the education born out of such mentality and ' rationalism' is dominant, while such a viewpoint is claimed to have a radical and grand deficiency and unconsciously leads the world toward a voluptuous materialism. It gives originality to the apparent aspect of education and ignores the spiritual and nurturing aspect of that. Even the theories on theology and religion oriented are wondering on the dominancy of rationalistic attitudes, while the theory on Gnostic breeding has no deficiency of this type and is able to fulfill the human demands worldwide, and that it can easily overcome the personal and social crises of today. The fundamentals of the theory on the above are offered here and the relevant practical solutions in the Gnostic breeding is also explained.

Pelung chicken, as one of the Indonesian indigenous chicken breeds, is known for its distinct characteristics. Pelung chicken has been an object of selective breeding programs due to its slow-growing performance, particularly in live weight gain. Through selective breeding, the backcross and its reciprocal generations have been produced. This study was aimed to identify the phenotypes, performance in live weight gain, and insulin gene (INS) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C1549T genotyping. The phenotypes consisted of morphometrics and morphological traits. The tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) method was used to detect the SNP C1549T of the INS gene. The live weight gain of reciprocal backcross (RBC1) outperformed the first backcross (BC1) chickens. Morphometrics and morphological traits of BC1 and RBC1 indicated a directional selection effect towards pelung chicken. The transition mutation of SNP C1549T was only detected in RBC1 chickens as CT genotype (44. 44%) and TT genotype (55. 56%). The presence of SNP C1549T might have a significant association with the live weight gain of RBC1. T-ARMS-PCR method is suitable for the rapid detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Additional studies are required to confirm the association of INS gene polymorphism and live weight gain with a larger population size.

Background and objective: The availability of thousands of polymorphic single nucleotides (SNPs) spread across the genomes made it possible to use genome-wide marker information to predict total breeding value in the implementation of genomic selection. The interaction between several gene loci contributes to the phenotypic changes associated with the expression of complex polygenic traits. The present study aimed to compare the performance of different models with additive and non-additive genetic effects, especially epistasis effects in predicting variance components and genomic breeding values as well as QTN in a dairy cow population based on Bayes Lasso model. Materials and methods: A population of dairy cattle was simulated based on a choice of four pathways to maximize the rate of genetic progress over ten generations with an effective size of 100 individuals in the base population. The genomic structure was assumed consisting of three chromosomes with a length of 100 cM and On each chromosome were located 1000 markers two allelic markers with a frequency of 0. 5. 50 QTL double alleles with equal frequency were randomly assigned to each chromosome. For QTL allelic effects, a gamma distribution with a parameter slope of 0. 4 was used in QMSim software and sampling was performed. Phenotypic and genotypic data of the last 10 generations were used for analysis. Marker effects, variance components and genetic parameters were estimated using the Bayes Lasso method in the form of six statistical models, that model 1 includes only the marker additive effects, model 2 includes the polygenic effects of animal, model 3 includes the combined effects of additive marker effects and polygenic effects of animal, model 4 includes the dominance effect of markers and polygenic effects of animal, model 5 includes the dominance and additive effects of markers in addition to the polygenic effects of animal, and finally, model 6 includes the additive, dominance and epistatic effects of markers in addition to the polygenic effects of animal. To control the type I error in estimating marker effects, Bonferroni test was used at 1% probability level. Results: The results of this study showed that the additive model or the polygenic model alone could not show the missing or hidden variance, in such a way that adding non-additive genetic effects including dominance and epistatic effects reduced the residual variance effects. Also in the complete model including additive and non-additive effects, the total genetic variance increased. With the addition of non-additive effects in the statistical model the Hertability in the broad sense was increased and the Hertabilitity in the narrow sense of trait decreased. The accuracy of breeding value estimation in model 1 was the lowest and in models 3 to 6 was the same. Model 5 with the lowest false positive QTN and the highest true positive proportion was the appropriate model for genetic evaluation of the studied traits. By including polygenic and non-additive effects in the model, the number of false positive errors was reduced. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the components of additive and dominance variance markers had a small share in the genetic diversity of the studied trait, but the polygenic effects of animal and epistatic had the largest share in the exploring of genetic diversity of trait. The results also showed that the major contribution of gene loci in the exploring of traits is related to additive genes with an additive effect that have a normal distribution. Ignoring nonincremental effects causes inflammation in the additive variance of the trait.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the photoperiod on the seminal traits of crossbreed wool-producing rams throughout on year period. For the effect of photoperiod two periods were considered: decreasing daylight length (summer and autumn) and increasing daylight length (winter and spring). For the study 5 Baluchi × Moghani (BL×MG) and 5 Arkharmerino × Moghani (AM×MG) rams were used. Semen collection started from first of October 2010 to end of September 2011. After a training period of 2 weeks semen ejaculates were evaluated for volume, total sperm count per ejaculate (TSE), spermatozoa concentration, semen color, wave motion, percentage of progressive motility, percentage of live and abnormal spermatozoa, semen pH, methylene blue reduction time (MBRT) and semen index (se-men volume × spermatozoa concentration/mL × live spermatozoa % × progressive motility %). Analysis of the yearlong data showed that semen samples with the best quality were collected in September to Novem-ber (P<0.05). Significant seasonal variations of semen traits were observed for all of seminal traits except for progressive motility, percentage of live spermatozoa and MBRT. Yet, no statistical differences were found between the two genetic groups (P>0.05). Although there were significant seasonal changes in semen characteristics of the crosses, the fresh semen showed adequate quality to be used for artificial or natural insemination all around the year. Photoperiod was found to influence semen production in two genetic groups at 38 o02’ N, 46 o27’ E at an altitude of 1567 m above sea level of Iran. However, these effects should are not detrimental to the use of rams for breeding purposes throughout the year.